Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of plaque in the arterial wall that can narrow the vessel and reduce blood flow. Narrowing/blockage in the leg arteries may present with exertional pain (claudication), coldness, pallor, or non-healing wounds, while carotid (neck) artery stenosis may warn with transient speech difficulties, limb weakness, or vision loss.
2025-08-25 • ~6 min
Valve failure and venous dilation can cause varicose veins—visible veins, heaviness/burning, pain worsening in the evening, and swelling. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) usually presents with sudden leg swelling, pain, warmth, and sometimes redness; due to pulmonary embolism risk, urgent assessment is required. Long-standing venous insufficiency can predispose to venous leg ulcers.
2025-08-25 • ~6 min
A reliable vascular access for hemodialysis is essential. Stenosis or thrombosis can reduce access flow and interrupt dialysis; early intervention preserves access function. For diabetic foot, venous ulcers and pressure injuries, infection control, debridement, off-loading and appropriate revascularization when indicated increase the chance of healing.
2025-08-25 • ~7 min
